トレチノイン・ハイドロキノンを使用する事で得られる美白効果については、近頃何かと話題になっています。実際どんな物なのか、まずはその二つの成分の個性に着いて見ていきましょう。
トレチノインはビタミンA誘導体で、肌のターンオーバーを促す作用を持っています。それにより出来てしまったシミを、少しずつ体外へと排出してくれます。人体にも血液の中に少量含まれている成分の為、アレルギーが起こり難いのが人気の秘密です。ただし刺激が大変強い物なので、皮膚科に相談して使用するのが大切です。また妊娠中や授乳中の使用は、子供に良くない影響を与える場合がある為、避けるようにして下さい。
次にハイドロキノンについてですが、「ハイドロキノンは肌の漂白剤」と言う言葉を良く耳にします。その言葉の通り、ハイドロキノンはメラニンを作る酵素を抑制し、シミを薄くする効果を持っています。この力は既に有るシミ・これからできるシミの両方に働きます。こちらも刺激が強く、場合によっては肌トラブルが出る場合が有りますので、医師へ相談の上使用して下さい。
トレチノイン・ハイドロキノンの併用は、その力を合わせる事でより高い効果が期待できるのです。
美白効果が高い
非常に美白効果が高いトレチノイン・ハイドロキノンの併用ですが、前述した様にどちらも非常に刺激が強い物です。更に正しい使い方を知らないまま使うと、肌トラブルの悪化を招くと言う側面も持っています。ここでは、トレチノイン・ハイドロキノンの使い方と注意点について、お話ししたいと思います。
まずトレチノインの単独使用は、色素沈着の元になる為避けるようにして下さい。トレチノインは肌のターンオーバーを促してシミを排出してくれます。しかし肌が炎症を起こしている為、それと同時にシミが出来やすい状態でもあります。そこでシミを抑制するハイドロキノンを塗る事で、そのシミを防ぎます。相乗効果意外にも、この二つを併用する理由があるのです。更にハイドロキノンはシミの抑制しますが、同時に紫外線に弱い性質が有ります。外出する予定がある場合は、必ず日焼け止めを塗るようにして下さい。またこの治療の効果を上げる為、トレチノインを塗る前にビタミンC誘導体の入った化粧水を塗ると良いようです。
とは言え、肌トラブルは怖いものです。治療の際は医師の指示に従って、という事を強くおすすめします。
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民意調查是什麼？民調什麼意思？
民意調查又稱為輿論調查或民意測驗，簡稱民調。一般而言，民調是一種為了解公眾對某些政治、社會問題與政策的意見和態度，由專業民調公司或媒體進行的調查方法。
目的在於通過網路、電話、或書面等媒介，對大量樣本的問卷調查抽樣，利用統計學的抽樣理論來推斷較為客觀，且能較為精確地推論社會輿論或民意動向的一種方法。
以下是民意調查的一些基本特點和重要性：
抽樣：由於不可能向每一個人詢問意見，所以調查者會選擇一個代表性的樣本進行調查。這樣本的大小和抽樣方法都會影響調查的準確性和可靠性。
問卷設計：為了確保獲得可靠的結果，問卷必須經過精心設計，問題要清晰、不帶偏見，且易於理解。
數據分析：收集到的數據將被分析以得出結論。這可能包括計算百分比、平均值、標準差等，以及更複雜的統計分析。
多種用途：民意調查可以用於各種目的，包括政策制定、選舉預測、市場研究、社會科學研究等。
限制：雖然民意調查是一個有價值的工具，但它也有其限制。例如，樣本可能不完全代表目標人群，或者問卷的設計可能導致偏見。
影響決策：民意調查的結果常常被政府、企業和其他組織用來影響其決策。
透明度和誠實：為了維護調查的可信度，調查組織應該提供其調查方法、樣本大小、抽樣方法和可能的誤差範圍等詳細資訊。
民調是怎麼調查的?
民意調查(輿論調查)的意義是指為瞭解大多數民眾的看法、意見、利益與需求，以科學、系統與公正的資料，蒐集可以代表全部群眾(母體)的部分群眾(抽樣)，設計問卷題目後，以人工或電腦詢問部分民眾對特定議題的看法與評價，利用抽樣出來部分民眾的意見與看法，來推論目前全部民眾的意見與看法，藉以衡量社會與政治的狀態。
以下是進行民調調查的基本步驟：
定義目標和目的：首先，調查者需要明確調查的目的。是要了解公眾對某個政策的看法？還是要評估某個政治候選人的支持率？
設計問卷：根據調查目的，研究者會設計一份問卷。問卷應該包含清晰、不帶偏見的問題，並避免導向性的語言。
選擇樣本：因為通常不可能調查所有人，所以會選擇一部分人作為代表。這部分人被稱為“樣本”。最理想的情況是使用隨機抽樣，以確保每個人都有被選中的機會。
收集數據：有多種方法可以收集數據，如面對面訪問、電話訪問、郵件調查或在線調查。
數據分析：一旦數據被收集，研究者會使用統計工具和技術進行分析，得出結論或洞見。
報告結果：分析完數據後，研究者會編寫報告或發布結果。報告通常會提供調查方法、樣本大小、誤差範圍和主要發現。
解釋誤差範圍：多數民調報告都會提供誤差範圍，例如“±3%”。這表示實際的結果有可能在報告結果的3%範圍內上下浮動。
民調調查的質量和可信度很大程度上取決於其設計和實施的方法。若是由專業和無偏見的組織進行，且使用科學的方法，那麼民調結果往往較為可靠。但即使是最高質量的民調也會有一定的誤差，因此解讀時應保持批判性思考。
為什麼要做民調？
民調提供了一種系統性的方式來了解大眾的意見、態度和信念。進行民調的原因多種多樣，以下是一些主要的動機：
政策制定和評估：政府和政策制定者進行民調，以了解公眾對某一議題或政策的看法。這有助於制定或調整政策，以反映大眾的需求和意見。
選舉和政治活動：政黨和候選人通常使用民調來評估自己在選舉中的地位，了解哪些議題對選民最重要，以及如何調整策略以吸引更多支持。
市場研究：企業和組織進行民調以了解消費者對產品、服務或品牌的態度，從而制定或調整市場策略。
社會科學研究：學者和研究者使用民調來了解人們的社會、文化和心理特征，以及其與行為的關係。
公眾與媒體的期望：民調提供了一種方式，使公眾、政府和企業得以了解社會的整體趨勢和態度。媒體也經常報導民調結果，提供公眾對當前議題的見解。
提供反饋和評估：無論是企業還是政府，都可以透過民調了解其表現、服務或政策的效果，並根據反饋進行改進。
預測和趨勢分析：民調可以幫助預測某些趨勢或行為的未來發展，如選舉結果、市場需求等。
教育和提高公眾意識：通過進行和公布民調，可以促使公眾對某一議題或問題有更深入的了解和討論。
民調可信嗎？
民意調查的結果數據隨處可見，尤其是政治性民調結果幾乎可說是天天在新聞上放送，對總統的滿意度下降了多少百分比，然而大家又信多少？
在景美市場的訪問中，我們了解到民眾對民調有一些普遍的觀點。大多數受訪者表示，他們對民調的可信度存有疑慮，主要原因是他們擔心政府可能會在調查中進行操控，以符合特定政治目標。
受訪者還提到，民意調查的結果通常不會對他們的投票意願產生影響。換句話說，他們的選擇通常受到更多因素的影響，例如候選人的政策立場和政府做事的認真與否，而不是單純依賴民調結果。
從訪問中我們可以得出的結論是，大多數民眾對民調持謹慎態度，並認為它們對他們的投票決策影響有限。
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